Root Cause

Root cause analysis is an important tool for finding out what went wrong.  If you don't pull up the whole root, the problem will just come back.  Process safety managers and engineers use various methods to do root cause analyses.

One of the simplest methods of root cause analysis is known as the "Five Whys."  The person conducting the analysis simply starts by asking why things happened at least five times.  I am going to use that method to examine the possible root cause(s) of my wife's recent death.

(1) Why did my wife die?  Her death certificate states she died from bleeding as a result of the intervention the medical professionals did on her.  (I am not going to go into specifics.)

(2) Why were they doing an intervention?  Her death certificate states she had an acute circulatory catastrophe, which caused her to pass out at the grocery store.

(3) Why did that catastrophic event occur?  Her death certificate states she had a deformity in her circulatory system.  I believe this is a presumption because there was no testing or imaging done prior to the event, although I am sure the surgeon could tell what had gone on.

This is as far as the death certificate goes and I did not want them to do an autopsy.

Continuing with the "whys"...

(4) Why was there a deformity or weakness in her circulatory system?  Only God knows, but she had chronic inflammation for a long time.  That was diagnosed by an immunologist.  Had the medical professionals looked into her records, they would have known that.

(5) Why did she have inflammation?  This is the key question, in my opinion, and one the medical community never pursued.  They harped about cholesterol and blood pressure, although her numbers were not bad.  Those are symptoms of inflammation, but they have been labelled as discrete medical conditions:  hyperlipidemia and hypertension.  Through our own research we learned that the official advice for addressing those issues only leads to worsening of those "conditions," so we found our own paths to improving our health, often by going in exactly the opposite direction.  For example, we did the Whole 30 diet for a month.  It made big improvements in our health and allowed us to learn what foods were, and were not, causing problems for each of us.

But despite all of our efforts, her inflammation remained and I couldn't figure out why.

Then, two months after she died, I learned she was deficient in vitamin D.  I did an entire post on that and I encourage you to read it here.  That realization explained everything.

(6) Why was she deficient in vitamin D?  Because she never went in the sun.

(7) Why did she not go in the sun?  Because she followed the advice she was given by those she trusted.  For example, this photo was recently shared on Facebook by my Michigan state senator.

(8) Why do people parrot that advice?  Because they believe those who seem to be in authority.

(9) Why would the authorities give bad advice?  That's a very important question, and one people need to pursue on their own.  That's because they wouldn't believe it if they were told.

When we understand the "big picture," everything makes sense.

All glory to God.

 

---------------------------

UPDATE, September 3, 2022...

A friend of mine just completed some work in another country to help girls prepare for life and not be vulnerable to potential abuse.  It seemed to be very successful and fun, and addressed some important issues.

I know absolutely nothing about the culture of that country, and am pleased things are being done to make people's lives better.  That is what God wants.  When we see an opportunity to do good, we are called to do it.

As an engineer, I immediately analyze things and try to fix problems.  I look forward to debriefing my friend when they are back to see if there are ways I can help.  I think some root-cause analysis of the situation would be fascinating to do, and am looking forward to perhaps giving it a try.  It's what I do.

This is so much fun!!

UPDATE, January 2, 2025...

This video discusses how blue light is bad for our health.  It correlates with many of my wife's infirmities.  There is something here that needs more consideration and contemplation.  The video is very fast-paced and quite technical.

I still have the digital alarm clock my wife had when we first met.  The digits are red.  Many things manufactured for night-time use these days have blue or green light, and I know that is a problem.  Crooks have been making us sick by the products they sell us.

The root cause:  crooks

We can fix this by understanding the Truth.

 

UPDATE, March 28, 2025...

From the video.

I am writing this update at 5:30 in the morning.  I was wide awake around 4:30 and started falling asleep last evening around 20:30 (8:30).  I'm typically up with the sun and start snoozing when it goes down.

I'm hungry for some breakfast, too, and ready to go.

Why?  I never used to be this way.

Because I am not watching color television in the evening during "prime time."

The television I do watch is old DVD's I've watched over and over again.  I know the stories and usually end up watching them "through my eyelids."  I got rid of my cable TV box three and a half years ago.

When I run the television in the evening I have the colors desaturated, which is "black and white."  I do the same with my phone and computer screens in the evening, but not during the day.  The sky is blue during the day.

Desaturated (B&W)

Also, I read paper books in the evening, particularly before going to sleep.

Every day for the past few weeks, I have been taking my walks in the morning around, or shortly after, sunrise -- without my glasses.  My routes have been such that direct sunlight enters my eyes so the light can interact with my retinas.

There definitely seems to be something to this.  I spent about an hour and a half yesterday morning walking in strong, direct sunlight, and this morning the effect seems to be particularly pronounced.

Please seriously consider watching and rewatching the video to comprehend the message.

I believe the crooks tell us to do exactly the opposite of what we should be doing.  I believe they created "prime time television" to make us fat so we need medical services so they can make a profit.

 

I'm old enough to remember the 1960's.  Hardly anyone was fat.  The only place one could see a "fat lady" was in a carnival side-show.

The advent of the for-profit medical industry was coupled with the advent of television, and then color television.  We became conditioned to mindlessly watch end-of-the-workday, popular content and "programming."  Those of you who are old enough, do you remember how "black and white" televisions emitted a blue glow?

My wife watched a lot of television, and later in life she spent a lot of time looking at her computer tablet.  Her vision was also bad, and she had very highly-correcting eyewear through most of her life.

 

Everyone has been taught to fear ultraviolet (UV) light.  We are taught to wear sunglasses, which block UV.  Glass windows block UV.  Again, we have been propagandized to behave in the ways the crooks want us to behave, and in this case they are getting us to avoid UV light entering our eyes.

WHY?  SO OUR BODIES DO NOT PRODUCE THE CHEMICALS (hormones) THEY NEED TO SURVIVE AND THRIVE??

Apparently so.

 

I believe we need to live the way God designed us to live.  He created our bodies; he created the sun; he created UV light and the lenses in our eyes that allow UV light in.  (The video makes that point by demonstrating fluorescence of the retina.)

We can't go wrong by trusting God's ways.  This is why I take walks in the morning without wearing my glasses.

 

UPDATE, April 28, 2025...

Just got back from a sunrise walk.  Nice.

While I was walking, I realized I walked to school as a child, and I at least partially faced the sun during my routes.

My wife told me she usually took the bus.  The glass in bus windows blocks some frequencies of light and filters the rest.

My dad only let me watch one hour of television a day.

My wife watched a lot of television.

I did not need glasses until I was in my 30's, after a decade of university and working indoors.

My wife needed glasses when she was young, and they needed to be stronger and stronger as she got older.

And then there was her difficulty with staying slim.

 

Who mandates children must go to school and ride buses?  Who heavily promotes television, and these days, computers?  Who provides cell phones for even the homeless?

Who profits from our poor health?

Crooks.

Why do crooks get away with all of this?

Answer:  Because we let them.

And that is the root cause, folks...

Our foolishness.

UPDATE, September 26, 2025...

There are people who walk in my neighborhood during the morning when I do, but many of them wear sunglasses.  They are outside where the natural sunlight is but they are not benefiting because the sunglasses block the kinds of light their bodies need to be healthy.

It reminds me of a biblical parable...

“The lamp of the body is the eye. If therefore your eye is good, your whole body will be full of light. But if your eye is bad, your whole body will be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in you is darkness, how great is that darkness!  (Matthew 6:22-23 NKJV)

When we wear glasses, we are preventing light from entering and keeping us healthy, both physically and spiritually.

 

Shorts

Why are men's shorts long?

Are long shorts the current style?

Why?

What if you want to purchase shorter shorts?

Can you?  Are they readily available?

Who determines what is in the stores?

The "Fashion Industry?"

Who runs the Fashion Industry?

(Click to enlarge)

Do a search for "shorts images"...

Except for young women¹, shorts styles tend to be long.  They tend to cover down to the knees.

Has it always been this way?

(Click to enlarge)

Here is a search for "1970s shorts images"...

Everybody wore short shorts then, including men.  Our current culture even jokes about it.  Why is that?

This is my wife and me with my mother (on the left) in Florida in 2016.

(Look at my poor wife's knees, and that is after she was prayed for in Jacksonville and the swelling went down.  She was actually getting around quite well when this picture was taken.)

Notice we are all wearing long shorts, or capris in my mother's case.  That's because we had been programmed to stay out of the sun.

My wife always wore longer pants.  She looked nice in them, but they did not allow her to get much sun when she went outside.

She was in the house most of the time.  She used her computer tablet a lot, doing genealogy, reading, shopping and social media.  And the television was always on, except during the last year when we became disgusted with most of the fare.

She stayed inside, and when she went outside she sat in the shade.  As I said previously, I believe this all led to her being deficient in "sun hormone," which led to her poor health.

To test my hypothesis, I have been intentionally spending time in the sun.  I have been exposing my skin for 20 minutes per day when sunlight quality is good -- meaning the sky is generally clear.  To protect my eyes, I have been covering them with a sleeping mask.

On days that were chilly or breezy early in the Spring, I shot baskets in the local park, exposing as much skin as was comfortable for the conditions.

I have been letting my bald head get the full treatment most of the time I am out.  I used to always wear a hat.

I used to mow the lawn and work in the garden in the evening, to avoid strong sun, but I now know that is the opposite of what I should be doing.  Now I am doing more of it when the sun is high -- when my shadow is shorter than my height.

The results?  Wow!!!  Absolutely amazing!

I am sleeping better, and waking up early ready to go.  I always used to sleep until well after 09:00.  Now I am awake at 06:30 or 07:00, and am absolutely full of energy.  I am not having any digestive issues at night either, even though I have been snacking on carbohydrates shortly before going to bed.

I am also doing intermittent fasting, and am just eating one main meal per day, but that is not entirely new.  My wife and I were doing it for a while, although we were eating a couple of times per day and not just once.  It was easier for me to do than it was for her.  She was always hungry.  Poor thing.

When we started supplementing with iodine (Lugols) several years ago, I quit doing the "sunscreen nonsense" when I worked outdoors.  I was confident that replacing my inventory of iodine would enhance my immune system and counteract any increased risk of cancer... and I got a suntan.  Imagine that!  I think my exposure to sun by working outside helped maintain my good health, whereas my wife did not get that.  She would occasionally dead-head flowers, but not for long.  Getting out and doing things was difficult for her.

She used to play softball when she was young, and in recent years I occasionally asked her to play catch with me.  She never would.  She hurt too much.

 

One other thing worth mentioning is how our living in Britain seemed to correlate with my dental health.  My dentist laments that she doesn't make any money off of me (jokingly).  I've always had good teeth (and so did my wife), but after we were in Britain for several years I ended up with bleeding gums.  At the end of the second time we were there, I got my first cavity.  I didn't know what it was and ended up losing the tooth.  I have not had any dental issues since the mid 1990's when we moved back to Michigan.

Britain is in relatively high latitudes.  Due to the low angle of the sun and frequent rainy weather they do not get a lot of good quality sunlight.  People joke about the poor condition of people's teeth in Britain, but I am now sure it is due to the lack of sunlight -- and "sun hormone."  I believe this is also the reason people get more respiratory illnesses in the Autumn and Winter.  It is due to deficiencies in "sun hormone," not kids going back to school and "spreading germs," as I had always been told.

I am convinced that getting appropriate amounts of direct, overhead, high-quality sunlight is crucial for our good health, and I am heartbroken I did not learn the importance of this until after my dear wife died.  God lets me understand things when He is ready.  His ways are not our ways.  I am sharing this in honor of her, and to help others.  I think she would be happy to know that her death is resulting in good.

All glory to God.

-----------------

UPDATE, July 19, 2022...

(Click to enlarge)

¹I see crop tops are back, .... not that I'm complaining! 😃

Bare midriffs, halter tops, low-rise jeans, hot pants, and mini skirts all blessed my eyes in 1971 when I was first learning to deal with my hormones.  Oh boy.  It was absolutely wonderful!

Crop tops reappeared in 2003, right when my girls were becoming teens.  My wife made sure they wore appropriate clothing.  Thank you, my dear!

Why does the Fashion Industry do this?  Yes, they want to churn the market to drive sales, and there are only so many ways to cover people's bodies.  Ideas get recycled.  But are there other reasons for the choices available?

I have discussed in other posts how we are all programmed.  Clearly, young girls are being programmed to behave in certain ways, as are young women.

When I wrote this post last year I was focused on our lack of Vitamin D and how the available fashions seem to contribute to that situation.  I mentioned that young women's clothing was the exception, but I did not elaborate because I wanted to stay on topic.

Clearly, the culture pushes sexualization of young women, which is obvious, but I think that is just a "shiny object."  I think there are other things actually going on.  Dark things.  Very, very dark things.

In my Deprogramming post, I talked about some very disturbing realities that go on in the shadows.  Unfortunately, I have become aware that the hole is even deeper than that.  Much deeper.  It involves human trafficking, and all of the roads that can lead to.  It is about black markets and the demands of those markets.  What is the worst kind of thing you can think of that might be happening?  It's actually worse than that.

I think Vitamin D (sun hormone) is a big, big key, and the visible markets are shaped to meet the demands of the black markets.  Sun hormone is a building block for other hormones in the human body.  Adrenaline is a hormone.  Suppression of sun hormone leads to poor health, and the need for medical services.  Cultivation of sun hormone leads to healthy bodies and plentiful hormone production.  In addition, people of a certain gender and certain ages are more easily frightened, and terror produces certain chemical responses in the body.  (I'm being coy because I want you to think about this and come to your own conclusions.)

Just like many things in Hollywood and the Media, the movie MONSTERS, INC is probably based on more truth than people are prepared to accept.  God knows about it, however, and I tremble for those who are part of that global industry.

We all need to wise up and protect ourselves and our families.  And we need to pray for justice, mercy and faithfulness, and do what we can to bring those things about.

(Do you suppose MONSTERS, INC might be a MUNICIPAL corporation?  Interesting... )

UPDATE, August 6, 2022...

Today was hot (92°F/33°C) and I wanted to wear some "short shorts," like the ones we all used to wear back in the 1970's.  I'm sick and tired of the long, baggy things I've had draped over my thighs for years.

So, I went to a thrift store and found some Levi's^® 511 32/34 jeans, tried them on (they fit), exchanged them for seven (7) Federal Reserve Notes (FRN), brought them home, consulted the Interwebs, found my wife's sewing gear, measured where I wanted to cut them off, and actually cut them off about one inch longer to allow for possible mistakes and eventual fraying.

Then I went for a walk.  It was wonderful and felt like when I was a kid.

I did the same thing with a pair of my faded Lee^® jeans when I was about seventeen.  It's easy.

Men, ... Testosterone is a hormone, too.  It's one the Darkness is terrified of, and they have good reason to be.  Cultivate yours. 😉

Sunlight

Light is good; the Darkness hates it.

We used to live in a house with lots of trees.  I tried to grow a garden, but it only got two hours of direct sunlight, so nothing grew.

When we moved to where I am now, my wife liked all of the trees we had, but they soon started coming down for various reasons.  Some pines were just ugly, and she wanted them gone.  We took out a wonderful Crimson King maple because its roots were breaking up the driveway.  The top of a big white pine crashed down in an ice storm.  The power company wanted a big ash tree removed because they were afraid the roots were bad and it would fall on their lines.  Two of the city's big elm trees died of Dutch Elm disease, so they cut them up and hauled them away (picture).  And the maple that shaded the driveway was sick and a big branch came down in a storm last June, so the city removed it.  The only remaining large tree is an ash that the city regularly treats to fend off borers, but it is on the north side of the property and only shades the street.  I have lots of sun now, and I like it.  The grass grows more evenly and I enjoy being in the warmth.  As best as I can recall, we lost eleven trees since we moved here in 2006.  Eleven.

My older daughter lived in a northern Michigan community for a year, and there was a big maple in front of the apartment she rented.  One day, lightning struck it and it had to be removed.

My younger daughter has a house, and a big tree that was shading it fell over in some wind.  I had been advising her to get rid of it and another tree because both were too close to the house.  Fortunately, the big tree fell the other way.  She ended up taking my advice.

It seems like circumstances have been taking the trees away from my family and opening us up to more and more sunlight.  God is in control of all things and I understand the parable.

 

Before my wife passed away, I was following some people online who advocate eating like our ancestors, and I shared some of their information with her. They recently posted a video about vitamin D, and I learned some things.  I embedded the video at the end of this post, if you would like to watch it.¹

"Vitamin D" is a fat-soluble hormone.  It is not actually a vitamin, so I am going to call it 'sun hormone' to be more accurate and descriptive.

Our bodies are designed to primarily get sun hormone from sunlight.  That's why we were born naked.  We can also get some from fish², but few of us do.

There are sun hormone receptors everywhere in our bodies, including the nucleus of cells.

A deficiency in sun hormone can lead to lack of sleep, or bad sleep.  When we sleep, our brain is designed to paralyze us so we do not act out our dreams, but it must keep us breathing.  If we are deficient in sun hormone, our brain sends out incorrect signals; our breathing becomes paralyzed but our skeletal muscles act out our dreams.  Ceasing to breathe is sleep apnea, and it causes fight-or-flight stress.  The bottom line is we do not get the sleep we need, and our bodies cannot restore and repair themselves.

My wife had sleep apnea as long as I knew her.  She never slept well.

Sun hormone and B vitamins are crucial for restoring sleep.  Gut bacteria make B vitamins, and they need sun hormone to survive and thrive.  You can take all of the probiotics in the world, but without sun hormone, the gut will not be healthy.  B vitamins play a huge role in sleep, and B vitamin deficiency symptoms cover everything that's wrong with everybody.  We get B vitamins from eating red meat.

Severe sun hormone deficiency can lead to autoimmune disease.  It also leads to rickets and other health problems.  Sun hormone is crucial in the development of babies and children.

Reduced sun hormone in animals is what triggers their hibernation.  Human chemistry is similar and reduced amounts of sun hormone signal that it is winter.  The body conserves energy and stores fat in winter to stay alive.  Those who have low sun hormone and stay out of the sun are in 'permanent winter,' and losing weight can be impossible for them.

My wife could not lose her belly fat.  We tried many things, and she eventually gave up.  We both supplemented with 5000 IU of D3, but I don't think that was enough to restore her system.  I wish I had known about this years ago.  She rarely went in the sun.

(From Ivor Cummins video, below)

We were advised to avoid the sun for years because sunlight causes cancer.  But what was the specific advice, and was it right?

There are two kinds of ultraviolet light that come from the sun.  One is "good" (UV-B), and the other is "bad" (UV-A).  The good sunlight enables production of sun hormone, enables tan protection, and produces the effects of sunburn to give feedback and warn against over exposure.  The bad sunlight does none of those things, but it destroys deep layers of the skin.

Good sunlight can lead to "cosmetic" skin cancers that are not a threat and can be easily removed.  Bad sunlight can lead to malignant melanoma cancer, and that is deadly.

Good sunlight is easily stopped by glass, sunscreen, and the atmosphere.  We need to be exposed to it when the sun is high in the sky if we want it to do us any good.  If your shadow is shorter than your height, the sun is probably high enough to produce the good effects.

Bad sunlight goes through the atmosphere more readily, no matter the time of day.  It also goes through most sunscreens and even glass.  A suntan (melanin) will stop it, however.

I am programmed to stay out of the sun when it is high in the sky, wear a hat, wear sunscreen, and take my walks and do my yard work in the early morning or later in the day.  Given the above information, however, that is entirely backwards.  It minimizes my exposure to good sunlight and leaves me vulnerable to bad sunlight.  It also minimizes my synthesis of sun hormone from sun exposure, which is how God designed my body to work.

Why were we given this advice?  That is a good question.  It's almost like we were given advice that would make us unhealthy.

I think my wife was deficient in sun hormone.  Nobody ever tested her for it³, or questioned a possible connection between it and her systemic inflammation, sleep apnea, inability to lose weight, and her other infirmities.  I am not happy about this, but there is nothing I can do about it now.  At least for her.

Most people who had poor outcomes with "the virus" were either old, or had compromised health.  Their bodies were not able to defend against it, and they probably had significant sun hormone deficiencies.  Isolating people indoors certainly didn't help, nor did chasing people off of beaches.  Given this, and all the censorship of non-"official" solutions to the problem, it seems like there was a concerted effort to NOT help people avoid getting sick.  Why is that?  Who are these people who have been systematically undermining our health?

What are the Georgia Guidestones?  Look up the term.  Listen to opinions about them and examine the evidence of what has been happening.  Think for yourself.  Then pray for understanding.

We do not need to continue living the way we have been.  We need to deprogram from all of the error we have been taught.  This is what God wants for us.  He wants us to know the Truth.

 

All glory to Him.

-----------------

¹ Here is the video I watched:

 

That video recommended another video, which I also watched.  It is more technical, but I think it is well worth viewing.  It is good to see someone acknowledge that our bodies are "designed."  Just ignore his praise of the false god, "Evolution."

Ivor Cummins video

Here is a technical article covering some of the things I discussed above and that are in the videos:  Extra-Skeletal and Endocrine Functions and Toxicity of Vitamin D, Journal of Endocrinology and Diabetes, symbiosisonlinepublishing.com.

³ I looked through my wife's records and found a value for "25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D, TOTAL" from December, 2014.  The value was 44 and the range was 30-80.  It does not say the units.

Ivor Cummins discusses the units of 25(OH)D at 1:14:25 in the second video, above.  He uses ng/ml because that is common in the research.  Someone in the audience stated they had been tested and the results were in nmol/l.  Ivor said that the conversion factor between the two sets of units is 2.5.  He gave the optimal range as follows:

• 32 - 50 ng/ml
• 80 - 125 nmol/l

He showed this chart back at 1:12:08...

It is hard to read here because it is a screenshot.  The scale across the top is in the units Ivor uses for 25(OH)D level, ng/ml.  Here is a description of the ranges...

• Red range -- zero through 18.  He calls this range "deficient."
  
• Orange range -- 20 through 30.  He calls this range "insufficient."
• Green range -- 32 through 50.  He calls this range "optimal."

The dark red bar at the lower left of the chart is the range where rickets occur.

The different colored bars in the green range are "disease incidence prevention" percentages for the various diseases listed in the column on the left.  The data indicate that 25(OH)D levels in the green range correlate with reduced incidences of disease.  Ivor stated that 25(OH)D levels tend to plateau and reach equilibrium at 42 ng/ml, which means the body takes in what it needs and maintains it there.

As can be seen from the black distribution curve, 70% of the US population has insufficient or deficient levels of 25(OH)D, or "sun hormone," as I have been calling it.  Apparently it was only 50% fifteen years ago.

The small, green distribution curve at the bottom is what an engineer would hypothetically try to do to improve the situation -- make changes to tighten the distribution and shift it to the right.

Going back to my wife's one piece of data, it seems likely the units are nmol/l.  The span of the "range" of her result (30 - 80) is 50.  The span of Ivor's "green" range (80 - 125 nmol/l) is 45.  Pretty close.  The span of Ivor's "research" units (32 - 50 ng/ml) is only 18.  Doesn't really compare.  Fifty (50) divided by 18 is 2.78.  Pretty close to the 2.5 conversion factor Ivor talked about.

Also, the top end of the range printed with my wife's result is 80, and that seems too high above Ivor's maximum of 50 ng/ml to make any sense.  It looks like nmol/l is the logical fit. 

 If that is the case, my wife's lab results "range" would be...

• 12 - 32 ng/ml
• 30 - 80 nmol/l

Only the very top value in that range (32 ng/ml, 80 nmol/l) falls into the green.  The rest is in the orange, and even well into the red.  It fits the black distribution curve, which is actual results, not optimal.

My wife's single value would then be...

• 17.6 ng/ml
• 44 nmol/l

This is in the red range, deficient.  It is also on the back slope of the black, USA distribution.

Although this is just one piece of data, it confirms my suspicion.  My wife was deficient in sun hormone, and nobody ever said anything about it.  Worse than that, by presenting the single measurement as being in the "range," it implied things were normal and okay.  She never gave it a second thought, nor did I.

The values on her results were presented without units.  If someone were to compare that 44 value with data typically found in the research, they would be comparing 'apples' (nmol/l) with 'oranges' (ng/ml), and might conclude that the value of 44 is in the upper half of the 32 - 50 ng/ml "green" range, and essentially the same as the optimal value of 42 ng/ml.  Again, this would give the impression that things were normal and okay.

There seem to be levels of deception going on here.  Yes, there is plausible deniability, but it has certainly taken a lot of work for me to get to the truth, and most people are not going to have the time, knowledge, or motivation to do that.  Why would things be this way?  Why would a medical business want to obfuscate the truth about vitamin D levels?  As discussed in the main text, above, vitamin D is crucial for good health.  Perhaps that is the key.

Healthy people do not need medical attention.

Who ARE these people? 

UPDATE, June 17, 2024...

² I was thinking of cod liver oil when I wrote this.

Renumbered footnote 2 to 3 to keep them all in order in the main text.